MANOJ KUMAR (SHELFORD)

Wednesday, March 14, 2018

General characters and classification of Siphonaptera




Siphonaptera[i]
Ø  CLASSIFICATION[ii]
·         Kingdom – Animalia (Animals)
·         Phylum – Arthropoda
Body have jointed appendages, divisible into head, thorax and abdomen, head bears antenna and eye may be compound or simple (ocelli), the joints are covered by arthroidal membrane.
·         Subpphylum – Hexapoda
Walking appendages are reduced to six with three body segments
·         Class – Insecta
Body segmented into head thorax and abdomen, head composed of six segments, Thorax is composed of 3 segments (pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum), abdomen upto 11 segments or more.
·         Order - Siphonaptera
Ø  The Siphonaptera is a monophyletic[1] group of some 2000 species.
Ø  All adults of which are highly modified, apterous[2] and laterally compressed ectoparasites[3] of birds and mammals.
Ø  The mouth parts are modified for piercing and sucking, without mandibles. The gut has a salivary pump[4] and a pharyngeal pump[5] and a cibarial pump[6].
Ø  Compound eyes are absent and ocelli[7] may be absent to well developed.
Ø  The body has many backwardly directed spines, some may be grouped into combs and are called ctenidia, which may be present on gena[8] and thorax (especially the prothorax).


Figure 1: Showing difference between monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic[iii]

Ø  The metathorax is large and houses hind leg muscles, which power the prodigious[9] leaps made by these insects. The legs are long and strong, terminating in strong claws for grasping host hairs.
Ø  Large eggs are held in the host’s nest, where free-living worm-like larvae develop on material such as skin debris shed from the host.
Ø  The larvae are pale legless worm-like, body is covered with sparse bristles; head reduced, eyeless, with chewing mouthparts.
Ø  High temperature and moisture are required for development of most of the fleas. Including those on domestic cats (Ctenocephalides felis), dogs (C. Canis) and humans (Pulex irritans).
Ø  The pupa is exarate[10] and adecticous in a loose cocoon.


Figure 2: showing type of pupa[iv]
Ø  Adults of both sexes are hematophagous (take blood from host).
Ø  Some species are monoxenous[11].
Ø  The plague flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) is polyxeny[12] and facilitates transfer of plague from rat to human host.
Ø  Fleas transmit some other diseases of minor significance from other mammals to humans, including murine typhus, tularaemia, but apart from plague, the most common human health threat is from allergic reaction to frequent bites from the fleas of our pets C. felis  and C. Canis.
Ø  Remarks[v], [vi]
·         The laterally flattened body allows easy movement among the host’s fur, feathers or hairs.
·         Backwardly pointed bristles prevent fleas from falling of or being easily captured by the host.
·         Some fleas can jump 200 times their body length
·         Fleas only infest animals that have a regular nest site, which is why most rodents have fleas.


Footnotes
[1] It is a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.
[2] An insect having no wings
[3] A parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the outside of its host.
[4] To inject saliva into the wound.
[5] For sucking up the blood.
[6] In hematophagous insects, the cibarial pump is a structure associated with a complex of muscles located in the head. It controls the ingestion of blood from the host and transfers it to the gut.
[7] Simple eye
[8] Part of head
Footnotes
[9] Unusual/abnormal
[10] Grooved or furrowed pupa having the appendages not cemented to the body, see figure 2
Footnotes
[11] Restricted to one host
[12] Parasitizes more than one host


References/Further study
[i] Gullian PJ, Cranston PS, The insects: an outline of entomology, fifth edition, Wiley Blackwell, Chennai, India.
[ii] Aphaniptera Shipley 1904. Zool. Anz. 27:260
[iii] 1999, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
[iv] https://www.phrygane.tk/natural-enemies/imaginal-or-adult-phase.html

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