MANOJ KUMAR (SHELFORD)

Wednesday, September 3, 2014

Therapeutic efficacy of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) and Aegle marmelos (L.) leaf

Sukumar Dandapat*, Manoj Kumar and M. P. Sinha

*Department of Zoology, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India – 834008
*email: eaddress.sukumar27@gmail.com

Medicinal plants are widely used for therapy of various diseases and disorders due to presence of various bioactive phytochemicals. Among the studied phytochemicals polyphenol content was higher (16.7 ± 0.7 g/100g in C. tamala and 6.7 ± 0.61 g/100g in A. marmelos) and flavonoids content was lower in both plants (1.0 ± 1.01 g/100g and 0.9 ± 0.25 g/100g in C. tamala and A. marmelos respectively). Leaf extract of both plant were effective against S. aureus and P. mirabilis (6-10 mm ZOI and 100% inhibition at 0.25mg-5mg of leaf extracts in agar disk diffusion and broth dilution method respectively) and the leaf extract of both plant possess high antioxidant activity, 0.9% and 0.2% at 5μg/mL concentration 4% and 7% at 100 μg/mL concentration of A. marmelos and C. tamala leaf extracts respectively. Aqueous leaf extract of both the plants did not show cytotoxicity by haemolysis at 0.2 mg/mL-1mg/mL concentration.

Wednesday, July 9, 2014

Pharmacological Screening of Leaf Extract of Adhatoda vasica for Therapeutic Efficacy

ISSN 1992-0075
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gjp.2014.8.4.8419



ManojKumar, Sukumar Dandapat, Amit Kumar and M.P. Sinha




Abstract: In the present study Adhatoda vasica was screened for therapeutic efficacy. The plant leaf extract was screened for phytochemicals, mineral elements, antioxidant and reducing power activity, foaming and swelling index properties. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytochemicals were done. The result showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics and flavonoids. Tannins were maximum among all the detected phytochemicals (61.38 ± 0.8 mg/g). Phenolics were minimum (1.30 ± 0.1 mg/g). Following the presence of phytochemicals the plant leaf samples were also screened for antioxidant and reducing power ability. The screening for mineral elements revealed the presence of macro and micro elements. Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Vanadium and Manganese (Mn) were detected in the leaf sample. Adhatoda vasica showed highest (68070 ± 35.58 ppm) concentration of Ca. V was lowest among all the mineral elements (118 ± 6.03 pm). Since the plant contains important phytochemicals, mineral elements, antioxidant and reducing power analysis, it may be good source of future medicines.


 

Key words: Phytochemicals,  Mineral Elements, Antioxidant, Reducing Power


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Wednesday, June 4, 2014

The Ecoscan: volume IV (special issue); 241-246

GROWTH INHIBITORY IMPACT OF ADHATODA VASICA AND VITEX NEGUNDO ON SOME HUMAN PATHOGENS

MANOJ KUMAR*, SUKUMAR DANDAPAT, AMIT KUMAR, M. P. SINHA
Zoology Department of Ranchi University, Ranchi
*e-mail: eaddress.manojkumar@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to determine the growth inhibitory impact of Adhatoda vasica and Vitex negundo on five human pathogens Viz. Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas, aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus which are known to cause several diseases and infections in human beings such as typhoid fever, urinary tract infection, pulmonary tract infection, specticemia, pneumonia, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) by agar disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Vitex negundo ranged from 0.612 mg/mL (Bacillus subtilis) to 5 mg/mL (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi). The minimum inhibitory concentration of Adhatoda Vasica ranged from 2.5 mg/mL (Bacillus subtilis) to 5 mg/mL (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The plants were also screened for their phytochemical contents and presence of alkaloids, tannin, saponin and flavonoids were determined. Both the plants showed growth inhibitory impact on the tested bacteria and possess potent antibacterial phytochemicals, thus Adhatoda vasica and Vitex negundo can help to discover new chemical classes.

Saturday, March 29, 2014

GROWTH INHIBITORY IMPACT OF VITEX NEGUNDO ON
SALMONELLA  TYPHI AND PSEUDOMONAS  AERUGINOSA
.   Manoj Kumar*, Sukumar Dandapat, Amit Kumar and M. P. Sinha
.  Department  of Zoology, Ranchi University,  Ranchi  *e-mail: scholar.manojkumar@gmail.com

Abstract type: extended abstract
Abstract published in:
National Seminar on Values of Information Zoology
Abstract no. 69

Herbal medicines are gaining popularity in developing countries (Kumar et al, 2013), as the  lifestyle is becoming more andmore stressful, people are striving to stay healthy and with the rise in  cases of side effects·of synthetic medicines and evolution of multi-drug resistant (MDR) disease-causing organisms, there is an inclination towards the use of herbal medicines (Kumar et al, 2013). About 30-40 % of today's  conventional medicines come from the herbal supplements, botanicals and nutraceuticals (Kumar et al, 2013).

            Typhoid fever is a global infection caused by bacterium Salmonella typhi. The disease is  transmitted by water, milk, fruits and vegetables that are contaminated with Salmonella typhi. It may be also transmitted by healthy carriers and infected food handlers and may be carried  mechanically from feces to the food by flies. Although typhoid fever may be treated with antibiotics, the resistance of Salmonella typhi towards the antibiotics is widespread. Inrecent years there has been a rise in multi drug resistance in Salmonella typhi all over the world (Kumar et al, 2013). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium which is known to cause disease in animals as well as humans. It is an opportunistic pathogenfo r both plant and animal (Iglewski, 1996). Inhigher plants Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause soft rot (Walker et al.,, 2004). Pseudomonas aeruginosa typically infects the pulmonary tract, urinary tract, bums; wounds and is 
also known to cause blood infections (Fine et al., 1996).

The fresh leaves were collected, shade dried for 15 days, and were made to fine powder, 50 g of powder was subjected to extraction by Soxhlet extractor. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, antibacterial analy­ sis was done against Salmonella typhl and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar disc diffusion method and broth dilution method.

The results of phytochemical analysis reveal the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols  and flav6hoids. Tannin content is highest in Vitex negundo (93.9 ± 2033mg/g) and phenol content is  lowest (8.1 ± 0.5 mg/g). The phytochemicals (alkaloids, phenols, tannins etc. present in the plants  are responsible for their medicinal properties (Palombo, 2006). The phenols possess redox  properties and th.us bestow antioxidant properties to the plants owning them; they act as hydrogen  donors, reducing agents and metal chelators (Cook and Samman, 1996). Flavonoids and tannins constitute the major group o(antioxidant compounds, that act as primary antioxidants or free radical scavengers Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and sterols etc. ha e also been found  active against pathogenic bacteria (Kennedy and Wightman , 2011).

The Vitex negundo extract was found to be effective against both bacteria, with MIC equal to 5mg/ml  in broth dilution method as well as agar disc diffusion method. Zone of inhibition was 1.45 and  1.99 mm for 2.5 mg extract concentration and 3 and 4 mm for 5 mg extract concentrati on. Tannins,  alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and sterols have been found ·to have growth inhibitory impact on  Salmonella typhi .Dandapat et al. attributed the antibacterial activity of Cinamomum tamala to phytochemical constituents (tannin, saponin, flavonoids, polyphenols and alkaloids) of the plant. Since the plant contains major phytochemicals (alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols and  flavonoids) which are major contents responsible for the antibacterial properties of the plants possessing them. The antibacterial activities of Vitex negundo can be attributed to the phytochemical contents, Vitexnegundo casn be used in  medicinal formulations , for eradicating Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Monday, March 10, 2014

PLACENTA

PLACENTA
·         The term placenta in its broadest sense refers to any region in viviparous organisms where maternal and foetal tissues of any kind are closely apposed, and serves as a site for physiological exchange between mother and foetus (Kent, 1987)
·         Placenta is a spongy mass of flesh that absorbs nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s body.
·         These nutrients and oxygen is conveyed to the developing foetus by means of umbilical cord.
·         During labour the placenta is released from the uterus, because of chemical changes that occur during the delivery, and is removed from the mother by pulling the umbilical cord.
·         The placenta is where the nutrients for the baby is located, while the umbilical cord serves as link between the bay and placenta.



Ø  The placenta from the point of view of origin consists of two parts – Foetal placenta and Maternal placenta.
Ø  The maternal placenta is furnished by single endometrium
Ø  The foetal placenta is furnished by four elements – amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois.
Ø  The amnion makes no direct contribution to the placenta, and hence can be discarded here.
Ø  But from the other three membrances, the chorion makes immediate contact with the endometrium.
Ø  For the formation of placenta, the chorion needs to be vascularized.
Ø  This vascularization takes place by two possible ways – via yolk sac (Chorio-vitellie placenta) and via allantois (Chorio-allantoic placenta).
Ø  Thus there are two basic types of placenta on the basis of origin
1.       Chorio-vitelline placenta (Yolk-sac placenta): found in most marsupials, the allantois remains relatively small and never makes contact with the chorion. Yolk sac becomes large and fused broadly with chorion.
2.       Chorio-allantoic or Allantoic placenta: in some marsupials (Parameles) and all eutherians, the yolk sac remains rudimentary and allantois becomes well developed and vascularized to fuse with chorion to furnish the chorion, the blood supply.

TYPES OF CHORIO-ALLANTOIC PLACENTA
On the basis of morphological characters the chorio-allantoic placenta is of following types:
1.       NON-DECIDUOUS PLACENTA (OR SEMI PLACENTA):
·         Implantation is superficial
·         The blascocyst lies in a cavity of the uterus in contact with uterine wall.
·         The intimacy of contact may be increased by formation of villi. Which penetrate into uterine wall.
·         At the time of birth when parturition (separation of foetus and its membranes from mother’s body) occurs, the chorionic villi are just drawn out from the depression in the uterus.
·         Found in pigs, cattle and other mammals.
2.       DECIDUOUS PLACENTA ( OR PLACENTA VERA): ALSO REFFERED TO AS TRUE PLACENTA
·         In this type of placenta, the intimacy between the maternal and foetal tissue is further increased.
·         The wall of uterus gets eroded to various degrees and the embryonic tissues penetrate into uterine wall.
·         During parturition, more or less extensive haemorrhage from the uterine wall takes place due to the injury to the endometrium which gets teared away during parturition.
·         The maternal tissues are expelled out of uterus and is called as DECIDUAE.
3.       CONTRA-DECIDUAE PLACENTA:
·         In parameles and talpa loss of both the maternal as well as foetal tissues take place, this type of placenta is called contra deciduate placenta. The damaged maternal and foetal tissues are absorbed in-situ by the maternal leucocytes.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION OF VILLI ON CHORIONIC SURFACE
1.       DIFFUSE PLACENTA: found in pigs, horse, lemurs: villi remains scattered all over the surface of chorion.
2.       COTYLEDONARY PLACENTA:  found in cattle, deer, sheep: villi are developed in groups or patches while the rest of surface remains smooth.
3.       ZONARY PLACENTA: found in carnivores – cat, dog etc: villi developed in from of belt or band around middle of chorionic sac.
4.       DISCOIDAL PLACENTA: found in insectivores, bats, rabbit, dear etc: villi are restricted to circular disc or plate.

5.       META DISCOIDAL PLACENTA: found in man, monkeys and apes: villi are first scattered, but later form on or two discs – monodiscoidal (in man), bidiscoidal (in monkeys and apes)

Tuesday, February 18, 2014

VECTOR OF MALARIA (A GENERALIZED STUDY)




VECTOR OF MALARIA
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Malaria or chill and fever disease is an old age human disease and is still prevailing. This disease is prevalent in all countries extending from 40South to 60 North, but the tropical zone is endemic home of al types of malaria. Malaria is caused by intracellular protozoal endoparasite belonging to genus Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium are responsible for causing malaria in human – P. vivax, P. Falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale.
BIOLOGY OF VECTOR OF MALARIA
Out of about 45 species of Anopheles found in India, only few have been identified as malarial vector. They are Anopheles culicifacies, A. fluviatilis, A. minimum, A. philippinensis, A. stephensni, A. sundaicus and A. leucosphyrus.
DISTRIBUTION
They are cosmopolitan in distribution. The area of distribution of Anopheles varies with species. A. philippinensis are found in plains, A. sundaicus and A. stephensi are found in coastal regions, while A. fluviatilis inhabits the foot hill regions. Out of above mentioned species of Anopheles, A. fluviatilis is highly anthrophilic i.e. have high preference for human blood and thus are the most important vector of malaria in man.
HABITS AND HABITAT
Mosquitos are nocturnal, troublesome and irritating insect. They inhabit near human population. Only female Anopheles sucks the blood which is required for oviposition. Male Anopheles is short lived and lives on nectars of flowers and plant juices. Anopheles are known to hibernate in adult form when conditions are unfavourable. Normally they do not fly far away from their breeding grounds. But instances have been reported of Anopheles having flying range of 11 km. the life span of female Anopheles is 8-34 days, as it is on the stake of environmental conditions.
GENERAL CHARACTERS
Anopheles mosquito are thin bodied with long delicate legs, making an angle of 45 with ground while resting. Body divisible into head thorax and abdomen.
Head lies at anteriour extremity ob body, bears a pair of large compound eyes, long palpi, a pair of antennae, long proboscis (piercing and sucking type). Male lacks the biting apparatus. The antennae in males is of bushy type (plumose) while the antennae in males is less bushy as compared to that of male.
Thorax is round and bears a pair of spotted wings and three pairs of long delicate legs, the beating of wings produce the notorious buzzing sound.
Abdomen is long, narrow and made up of ten segments, the last two segments are modified as external genitalia.
LIFE HISTORY
There are four stages – Egg, Larva, Pupa and Adult. Breeding period extends throughout the year. Copulation occurs during flying. Female lays about 80-100 eggs in early hours of morning in relatively clean and stagnant water. Each egg is boat shaped bearing lateral floats. The ganotrophic cycle (period between taking blood and laying eggs) is upto 48 hrs. egg hatches into larva within 2-3 days.
DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE CYCLE OF ANOPHELES MOSQUITO

Larva or wriggler  is a free swimming stage. The body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen, head bears compound eyes, antennae, and simple eye each in pairs. Thorax is segmented while abdomen is nine segmented. In 8th segment is present respiratory siphon, and in 9th segment four respiratory gills are present. The larva are bottom feeders. And their body lies parallel to water surface. Larval period last up to 5 – 7 days.
Pupa is coma (,) shaped, active but non feeding stage. Body divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen. A pair of small respiratory trumpets are present on the cephalothorax. 9th abdominal segment bears a pair of paddles and each paddle bears pair of bristles. Within 7 days imago or adult mosquito emerges out from pupa.

MODE OF INFECTION
Plasmodium is digenetic (requires two hosts to complete its life cycle – man and female Anopheles). Man is the secondary host in which Plasmodium spends it asexual phase of life while female Anopheles is the definite host in which it undergoes its sexual cycle.
When a female Anopheles bites a malaria infected person, the micro and macrogametocytes from the patient enters the Anopheles’s gut, where after performing sexual reproduction zygote is formed. The motile zygote penetrates out of the gut wall to be changed into cystic stage (oocyte), inside the oocyte by the process of sporogony sporozoites are formed and thus the parasite acquires its infective stage (sporozoite). The whole process take upto 8-10 days. Such infected mosquito when bites a healthy person, the sprorzoite stage of the parasite is transmitted to the new host through the salivary secretion of the mosquito. So mosquitos belonging to the genus Anopheles are the vector of malaria.
CONTROL
The best way to control malaria is keeping the population of its vector under control, which is the primary weapon to control malarial infection. Use of excessive insecticides has led to appearance of resistant varieties of mosquito, and also environmental degradation.
1.     ANTILARVAL MEASURES: not allowing water to accumulate in places, proper drainage system and filling  and levelling of ditches.
2.     CHEMICAL CONTROL: it includes A) application of kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, etc in stagnant water in a week.
3.     Application of paris green (Copper acetoarsenite) in mosquito breeding places. It leads to stomach poisoning of larva leading to death.
4.     BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: introduction of larvicidal fishes such as Gambusia and Lebistes, in breeding places is helpful.
5.     ANTI-ADULT MEASURES: killing of adult mosquitoes by applying various insecticides.

6.     PROTECTION AGAINST MOSQUITO BITES: use of mosquito nets, repellents etc.

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